Variables:

We use variables to temporarily store data in computer’s memory.

price = 10
rating = 4.9
course_name = 'Python for Beginners'
is_published = True

• Explanation

• price is an integer (a whole number without a decimal point)
• rating is a float (a number with a decimal point)
• course_name is a string (a sequence of characters)
• is_published is a boolean. Boolean values can be True or False.

Comments:

# This is a comment and it won’t get executed.

# Our comments can be multiple lines. 

Print:

print('Hello World') # print (Hello World)
print('*' * 10) # print * for 10 time (**********)
print('hello '+'Bhargav') # concat string (hello Bhargav)

Receiving Input:

We can receive input from the user by calling the input() function.

birth_year = int(input('Birth year: '))

• Explanation

• The input() function always returns data as a string.
• So, we’re converting the result into an integer by calling the built-in int() function

Strings:

len() used to count character.

len('Bhargav') # result 7

We can define strings using single (' ') or double (" ") quotes.
To define a multi-line string, we surround our string with tripe quotes (""").

We can get individual characters in a string using square brackets [].

course = 'Python for Beginners'
course[0] # returns the first character
course[1] # returns the second character
course[-1] # returns the first character from the end
course[-2] # returns the second character from the end

We can slice a string using a similar notation:

course[1:5]

The above expression returns all the characters starting from the index position of 1 to 5 (but excluding 5).
The result will be ytho
If we leave out the start index, 0 will be assumed.
If we leave out the end index, the length of the string will be assumed.

We can use formatted strings to dynamically insert values into our strings:

name = 'Python Developer'
message = f'Hi, {name}'
message.upper() # to convert to uppercase
message.lower() # to convert to lowercase
message.title() # to capitalize the first letter of every word
message.find('p') # returns the index of the first occurrence of p (or -1 if not found)
message.replace('p', 'q') # replace all 'p' from string with 'q'

To check if a string contains a character (or a sequence of characters), we use the in operator:

contains = 'Python' in course

Arithmetic Operations:

Operator precedence:

• () : Parenthesis
• ** : Exponentiation
• * and / : Multiplication / Division
• + and - : Addition / Subtraction

Augmented assignment operator:

x = x + 10
									x += 10

If Statements:

is_hot = True
is_cold = False

if is_hot:
	print("hot day")
elif is_cold:
	print("cold day")
else:
	print("beautiful day")

Logical Operators:

if has_high_income and has_good_credit:
...
if has_high_income or has_good_credit:
...

is_day = True
is_night = not is_day

• Explanation

• First if contain and that means both variable need to be true
• Second if contain or that means either varible need to be true
• In (is_night = not is_day) statement contain not that means is_day varible need to false

Comparison operators:

compar two variables

While loops:

secret_number = 3
guess_count = 0
guess_limit = 3

while guess_count < guess_limit:
	guess = int(input("Guess: "))
	guess_count += 1
	if guess == secret_number:
		print('You Won!') 
	break
else:
	print('Sorry, you failed!')

• Explanation

• else: code execute when while loop condition get false

For loops :

for i in range(1, 5):
	print(i)

• Explanation

• range(5): generates 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
• range(1, 5): generates 1, 2, 3, 4
• range(1, 5, 2): generates 1, 3

Lists:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
numbers[0] # returns the first item
numbers[1] # returns the second item
numbers[-1] # returns the first item from the end
numbers[-2] # returns the second item from the end

numbers.append(6) # adds 6 to the end
numbers.insert(0, 6) # adds 6 at index position of 0
numbers.remove(6) # removes 6
numbers.pop() # removes the last item
numbers.clear() # removes all the items
numbers.index(8) # returns the index of first occurrence of 8
numbers.sort() # sorts the list
numbers.reverse() # reverses the list
numbers.copy() # returns a copy of the list

Tuples:

They are like read-only lists. We use them to store a list of items. But once we define a tuple, we cannot add or remove items or change the existing items.

coordinates = (1, 2, 3)

We can unpack a list or a tuple into separate variables:

x, y, z = coordinates

Dictionaries:

We use dictionaries to store key/value pairs.

customer = {
	"name": "John Smith",
	"age": 30,
	"is_verified": True
}

We can use strings or numbers to define keys. They should be unique. We can use any types for the values.

customer["name"] # returns "John Smith"
customer["type"] # throws an error
customer.get("type", "silver") # returns "silver" 
# get() function prevent to show error if key not found, second argument display if error throw
customer["name"] = "new name"

Functions:

We use functions to break up our code into small chunks. These chunks are easier to read, understand and maintain. If there are bugs, it’s easier to find bugs in a small chunk than the entire program. We can also re-use these chunks.

def greet_user(name,last_name):
print(f"Hi {name} {last_name}")

greet_user("John", "Smith")

Parameters are placeholders for the data we can pass to functions. Arguments are the actual values we pass. We have two types of arguments:

• Positional arguments: their position (order) matters

# Two positional arguments
greet_user("John", "Smith")

• Keyword arguments: position doesn’t matter - we prefix them with the parameter name.

# Keyword arguments
greet_user(last_name="Smith",name="John")

Our functions can return values. If we don’t use the return statement, by default None is returned. None is an object that represents the absence of a value.

def square(number):
return number * number
result = square(2)
print(result) # prints 4

Exceptions:

Exceptions are errors that crash our programs. They often happen because of bad input or programming errors. It’s our job to anticipate and handle these exceptions to prevent our programs from cashing.

try:
	age = int(input('Age: '))
	income = 20000
	risk = income / age
	print(age);
except ValueError:
	print('Not a valid number')
except ZeroDivisionError:
	print('Age cannot be 0')

Classes:

We use classes to define new types.

class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y

def move(self):
print("move")

When a function is part of a class, we refer to it as a method.

Classes define templates or blueprints for creating objects. An object is an instance of a class. Every time we create a new instance, that instance follows the structure we define using the class.

point1 = Point(10, 5)
point2 = Point(2, 4)

__init__ is a special method called constructor. It gets called at the time of creating new objects. We use it to initialize our objects.

Inheritance:

Inheritance is a technique to remove code duplication. We can create a base class to define the common methods and then have other classes inherit these methods.

class Mammal:
def walk(self):
print("walk")

class Dog(Mammal):
def bark(self):
print("bark")

dog = Dog()
dog.walk() # inherited from Mammal
dog.bark() # defined in Dog 

Modules:

A module is a file with some Python code. We use modules to break up our program into multiple files. This way, our code will be better organized. We won’t have one gigantic file with a million lines of code in it!

There are 2 ways to import modules: we can import the entire module, or specific objects in a module.

# importing the entire converters module
import converters
converters.kg_to_lbs(5)

# importing one function in the converters module
from converters import kg_to_lbs
kg_to_lbs(5)

Packages:

for create package in python project.
Right click on project directory and goto New > select Python Package
type package name and press enterm, it will create __init__.py file automatically.

A package is a directory with __init__.py in it. It can contain one or more modules.

you can use this package in anywhere in project, just need to import that package in place.

# importing the entire sales module
from ecommerce import sales
sales.calc_shipping()

# importing one function in the sales module
from ecommerce.sales import calc_shipping
calc_shipping()

Python Standard Library:

Python comes with a huge library of modules for performing common tasks such as sending emails, working with date/time, generating random values, etc.

Random Module

import random
random.random() # returns a float between 0 to 1
random.randint(1, 6) # returns an int between 1 to 6

members = ['John', 'Bob', 'Mary']
leader = random.choice(members) # randomly picks an item

Pypi:

Python Package Index (pypi.org) is a directory of Python packages published by Python developers around the world. We use pip to install or uninstall these packages.

pip install openpyxl
pip uninstall openpyxl